“Can’t you at least die with a little dignity?” The Right to Die Debates and Normative Dignity

نویسندگان

  • Ari Gandsman
  • Daniel Burnier
  • Charles Dupras
  • Marleen Eijkholt
  • Roberto Andorno
  • Arthur Schafer
چکیده

Résumé Abstract Au cours des dernières décennies, le droit de mourir a émergé comme l’une des questions sociales et politiques les plus controversées en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. Celui-ci implique la mobilisation de nombreux acteurs sociaux et militants ainsi que plusieurs défis juridiques. Au Québec, le législateur provincial a formé le « Comité spécial sur la question de mourir dans la dignité », un groupe de législateurs chargé d’examiner la question. Dans leur rapport de 2012, ils recommandent la légalisation de « l’aide médicale à mourir » comme une partie appropriée de la continuité des soins de fin de vie. À partir d’une méta-analyse des observations écrites et orales recueillies par le Comité dans différents endroits de la province, cet article présente plusieurs significations concurrentes de ce que signifie la dignité humaine à la fin de la vie. Les définitions intrinsèques de la dignité – qu’elles soient religieuses ou philosophiques – associent souvent la dignité à une acceptation de la mort. Ces définitions sont en concurrence avec une compréhension plus relative et contingente de la dignité. Dans une telle perspective, la dignité dépend de l’état physique ou mental de l’individu. Ici, « mourir avec dignité » signifie mourir sans souffrances indues ou en perte d’autonomie. Que « mourir avec dignité » est défini comme étant une mort paisible ou significative ou bien comme une fin de vie sans souffrances indues ou sans perte d’autonomie. Ces appellations normatives tiennent toutes pour acquis que les êtres humains veulent mourir dans la dignité. Cet article analyse les multiples significations de la dignité dans le débat concernant le droit de mourir tout en contestant l’hypothèse qu’une « bonne mort » est nécessairement synonyme de « mourir dans la dignité ». In recent decades, the right to die has emerged as one of the most divisive social and political questions in North America and Europe, one that involves the mobilization of numerous social actors and activists as well as several legal challenges. In Québec, the provincial legislature formed the “Select Committee on Dying with Dignity”, a group of legislators tasked with examining the issue. In their 2012 report, they recommend the legalization of “medical aid in dying” as an appropriate part of the continuum of care at the end of life. From a meta-analysis of the written and oral submissions collected by the Committee in different locations throughout the province, this article presents several competing meanings of what human dignity means at the end of life. Intrinsic definitions of dignity – whether religious or philosophical – often associate dignity with an acceptance of death. These definitions of dignity compete with more relative and contingent understandings of dignity. In such a view, dignity depends on the physical or mental condition of the individual. Here “dying with dignity” means dying without undue suffering or loss of autonomy. Whether “dying with dignity” is defined as having a peaceful or meaningful death or alternatively as an end-of-life without undue suffering or loss of autonomy, these normative calls all take for granted that human beings want to die with dignity. This article analyzes the multiple meanings of dignity in the right to die debate while challenging the assumption that a “good death” is necessary synonymous with “dying with dignity.”

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تاریخ انتشار 2014